History - Near East

Sumer 苏美尔: 美索不达米亚南部

Akkadian Empire 阿卡德帝国 (2334-2192 BC)

人类历史上第一个帝国.于前 3000 年前结束游牧生活，定居于苏美尔

  • Baghdad - Babylon
  • Mosul - Nineveh Ruins - Assyria

Old Babylonian Empire a.k.a. First Babylonian Empire (c. 1894 BC – c. 1595 BC)

Hammurabi (c. 1810 – c. 1750 BC) was the sixth king of the First Babylonian dynasty

reigning from c. 1792 BC to c. 1750 BC

Code of Hammurabi

Unlike earlier Sumerian law codes, such as the Code of Ur-Nammu, which had focused on compensating the victim of the crime, the Law of Hammurabi was one of the first law codes to place greater emphasis on the physical punishment of the perpetrator. "eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth"

Babylon Ishtar Gate now in Pergamon Museum in Berlin

Neo-Assyrian Empire (911 BC–609 BC)

Neo-Babylonian Empire a.k.a. Second Babylonian Empire (626 BC–539 BC)

Nebuchadnezzar II: the second and greatest king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire r.605 BC to his own death in 562 BC. famous for his construction projects in his capital, Babylon, including Hanging Gardens

Ashurbanipal: the last great king of Assyria, Neo-Assyrian Empire

公元前 626 年，巴比伦尼亚宣告独立 建立新巴比伦王国，并与伊朗高原西北、同受亚述统治的米底人结成同盟，于公元前 612 年攻陷亚述首都尼尼微，亚述帝国覆亡，遗产被新巴比伦王国及米底瓜分。

Achaemenid (550-330 BC)

中国东周时期

Cyrus the Great the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, the first Persian empire. Darius the Great the third Iranian King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 522 BCE until his death in 486 BCE Xerxes the Great, was the fourth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, ruling from 486 to 465 BC. He was the son and successor of Darius the Great, grandson of Cyrus

Ahura Mazda: the creator deity and highest deity of Zoroastrianism (祆教/拜火教) Ahura is "lord," and that of Mazda is "wisdom."

Achaemenid 吞并米底和新巴比伦；居鲁士占领整个安纳托利亚半岛，巴比伦

Cambyses II: conquer Egypt

波希战争：499-449 BC

Greco-Persian Wars

First invasion of Greece (492–490 BC) Darius

  • The Battle of Marathon: a watershed in the Greco-Persian wars, showing the Greeks that the Persians could be beaten. Second invasion of Greece (480–479 BC) Xerxes
  • 温泉关战役 August 480 BC: Battles of Thermopylae (movie 300) Persian won
  • Battle of Salamis: Greek won

希波战争后波斯再未踏入希腊，转而用金钱让希腊城邦自相残杀

亚历山大大帝打败大流士三世，Achaemenid Empire 灭亡

Persepolis: built by Xerxes, burnt by Alexander, because "Persian King Xerxes had burnt the Greek City of Athens around 150 years ago."

Not the same Darius:

  • Darius I: 522–486 BC, Darius the Great, the third King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire.
  • Darius III: 336–330 BC, the end of Achaemenid Empire, conquered by Alexander.

Seleucid Empire (312–63 BC)

Parthian Empire (247 BC–224 AD)

安息帝国，或称帕提亚帝国。被贵霜帝国打败。

同时期：罗马帝国，中国汉朝，贵霜帝国（30 年－375 年）

Sasanian Empire (224–651)

萨珊王朝，也称波斯第二帝国（安息帝国不算波斯）。萨珊王朝取代被视为西亚及欧洲两大势力之一的安息帝国，与罗马帝国共存超过 400 年。

Islam: created in 7th century

阿拉伯帝国（632 年－1258 年）

穆罕默德 (c. 570-632) in 610 CE (中国的唐朝), the Islamic prophet Muhammad began receiving what Muslims consider to be divine revelations, calling for submission to the one God

四位继承人（即哈里发 caliphs）:巴克尔、欧玛尔、奥斯曼与阿里. Hasan or Hassan, was the older son of Ali and Muhammad's daughter Fatimah, as well as the fifth of Rashidun, or "Rightly Guided Caliphs"

three major caliphates succeeded each other (after Muhammad's death in 632):

  • the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661), Rashidun = "Rightly Guided" caliphs 正统哈里发时期
  • the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750),伍麦叶王朝, 白衣大食
    • 倭马亚王朝拉赫曼一世退到伊比利半岛，后建立后倭马亚王朝，中国称之为“白衣大食”
  • Abbasid Caliphate (750–1517) 阿拔斯王朝, 黑衣大食
    • 阿拔斯王朝在巴格达被蒙古灭（1258），后在开罗被奥斯曼帝国灭掉（1517）

正统哈里发时期和伍麦叶王朝很短暂，阿拔斯王朝较长。

1258 年，旭烈兀西征时率领的 12000 大军攻陷阿拉伯帝国首都巴格达，哈里发穆斯台绥木投降后被杀，阿拔斯王朝结束。

1260 年时阿拔斯王朝的哈里发形式上在埃及复位，但已成为埃及马穆鲁克王朝苏丹的傀儡，权力仅限于宗教事务

In the fourth major caliphate, the Ottoman Caliphate, the rulers of the Ottoman Empire claimed caliphal authority from 1517.

逊尼派穆斯林承认四位哈里发都是先知穆罕默德的合法继承人，故有“正统”之称，而什叶派穆斯林只承认阿里及其后裔是合法的哈里发，视阿里之前的三位哈里发为篡位者。